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CHAPTER # 38 LECTURE # 1
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTEL MUSCLES.
INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES.
NORMAL QUIET BREATHING IS PERFORMED ENTIRELY BY MOVEMENT OF THE DIAPHRAGM (75%) AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES (25%)
THE PRIMARY INSPIRATORY MUSCLES IS THE DIAPHRAGM.
It seems like there might be a small typo in your question. I believe you meant to ask about the "external intercostal muscles."

The external intercostal muscles are a group of muscles located between the ribs. They play a crucial role in the respiratory system by aiding in the process of inhalation. The intercostal muscles are divided into three layers: external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles.

The external intercostal muscles are situated on the outermost layer, running obliquely downward and forward between adjacent ribs. During inhalation, these muscles contract, lifting the ribcage and expanding the thoracic cavity. This expansion creates a pressure gradient, allowing air to be drawn into the lungs.

The intercostal muscles work in coordination with the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the chest. Together, these muscles contribute to the mechanics of breathing, ensuring a continuous flow of air into and out of the lungs.
Yes, that's correct. The diaphragm is indeed the primary muscle responsible for inspiration, or the act of inhaling air into the lungs. It is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) from the abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This action creates a negative pressure inside the lungs, causing air to be drawn in through the nose and mouth.

While the diaphragm is the primary muscle for quiet breathing, during more forceful inhalation or exercise, other muscles such as the external intercostal muscles (located between the ribs) and certain neck and back muscles also play a role in expanding the chest cavity to facilitate increased airflow into the lungs. However, the diaphragm remains the key muscle for the initiation of the inhalation process.
The internal intercostal muscles are a set of muscles located between the ribs, just like the external intercostal muscles. However, they are positioned on the innermost layer of the intercostal muscles, below the external intercostals.

The internal intercostal muscles function opposite to the external intercostal muscles during the respiratory process. While the external intercostals aid in inhalation by elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity, the internal intercostal muscles assist in forced exhalation. When these muscles contract, they pull the ribs closer together, decreasing the space between them. This action reduces the thoracic cavity's volume, causing air to be expelled from the lungs.

During quiet breathing, the process of exhalation is usually passive, driven by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall. However, during activities that require increased force or when breathing needs to be more rapid, the internal intercostal muscles, along with other muscles such as the abdominal muscles, become actively involved in the exhalation process.
Yes, that's generally accurate. Normal quiet breathing, also known as tidal breathing, is primarily accomplished through the coordinated action of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribcage and expanding the thoracic cavity. This creates a negative pressure within the lungs, allowing air to flow in.

The diaphragm is considered the major muscle for quiet breathing, and it contributes to about 75% of the work involved in inhalation. The external intercostal muscles assist and contribute to the remaining 25%. Exhalation during quiet breathing is typically passive and results from the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall.

It's important to note that these percentages can vary among individuals, and during certain activities or conditions, additional respiratory muscles, including the internal intercostal muscles and accessory muscles of the neck and abdomen, may be recruited to aid in breathing.

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