In short, protasis and apodosis are parts of a conditional sentence.

Protasis: The "if" part of the sentence; it sets up the condition.
Apodosis: The "then" part of the sentence; it states the result if the condition is met.
Example:
"If it rains (protasis), we will cancel the picnic (apodosis)."

In this example:

Protasis: "If it rains" (the condition).
Apodosis: "We will cancel the picnic" (the result if the condition is met).

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