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M. David Litwa, Ph.D:
@m.davidlitwa
Areas of expertise: Greco-Roman religions; Philonic Studies; gospel and Pauline literature; heresiology; gnostic and Nag Hammadi studies; ancient philosophy; ancient mythology; deification (theosis); ancient esoteric movements (in particular, Greek mystery cults); ruler worship.
Scholar of ancient Mediterranean religions with a focus on the New Testament and early Christianity.
Books
(2022) Carpocrates, Marcellina, and Epiphanes: Three Early Christian Teachers of Alexandria and Rome, (Routledge).
(2022) Found Christianities: Remaking the World in the Second Century, (Bloomsbury)
(2021) The Evil Creator: Origins of an Early Christian Idea (Oxford).
(2021) Posthuman Transformation in Ancient Mediterranean Thought: Becoming Angels and Demons, (Cambridge University Press).
(2019) How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths, (Yale University Press).
(2018) Hermetica II: The Excerpts of Stobaeus, Papyrus Fragments, and Ancient Testimonies in a English Translation with Notes and Introductions, (Cambridge University Press).
(2016) Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Ancient Jewish and Christian Mythmaking, (Oxford University Press).
(2016) Refutation of All Heresies: Text, Translation, and Notes, Writings from the Greco-Roman World, (Atlanta: SBL Press).
(2014) Iesus Deus: The Early Christian Depiction of Jesus as a Mediterranean God, (Minneapolis: Fortress).
(2013) Becoming Divine: An Introduction to Deification in Western Culture, (Eugene, OR: Cascade).
(2012) We Are Being Transformed: Deification in Paul’s Soteriology, Beihefte zum Zeitschrift für Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 187, (Walter de Gruyter).
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Simon of Samaria also known as Simon the Sorcerer or Simon the Magus, was a religious figure whose confrontation with Peter is recorded in Acts 8:9–24. The act of simony, or paying for position, is named after Simon who tried to buy his way into the power of the Apostles.
According to Acts, Simon was a Samaritan magus or religious figure of the 1st century AD and a convert to Christianity, baptised by Philip the Evangelist. Simon later clashed with Peter. Accounts of Simon by writers of the second century exist, but are not considered verifiable.Surviving traditions about Simon appear in orthodox texts, such as those of Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Hippolytus, and Epiphanius, where he is often described as the founder of Gnosticism, which has been accepted by some modern scholars, while others reject that he was a Gnostic, just designated as one by the Church Fathers.
Justin, who was himself a 2nd-century native of Samaria, wrote that nearly all the Samaritans in his time were adherents of a certain Simon of Gitta, a village not far from Flavia Neapolis. Irenaeus held him as being the founder of the sect of the Simonians. Hippolytus quotes from a work he attributes to Simon or his followers the Simonians, Apophasis Megale, or Great Declaration. According to the early church heresiologists, Simon is also supposed to have written several lost treatises, two of which bear the titles The Four Quarters of the World and The Sermons of the Refuter.
In apocryphal works including the Acts of Peter, Pseudo-Clementines, and the Epistle of the Apostles, Simon also appears as a formidable sorcerer with the ability to levitate and fly at will. He is sometimes referred to as "the Bad Samaritan" due to his malevolent character. The Apostolic Constitutions also accuses him of "lawlessness" (antinomianism).
As described by Epiphanius, in the beginning God had his first thought, his Ennoia, which was female, and that thought was to create the angels. The First Thought then descended into the lower regions and created the angels. But the angels rebelled against her out of jealousy and created the world as her prison, imprisoning her in a female body. Thereafter, she was reincarnated many times, each time being shamed. Her many reincarnations included Helen of Troy, among others, and she finally was reincarnated as Helen, a slave and prostitute in the Phoenician city of Tyre. God then descended in the form of Simon Magus, to rescue his Ennoia, and to confer salvation upon men through knowledge of himself.
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Secrets of Simon Magus | M. David Litwa
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Gnostic Informantnew testamentgnosticbiblesimon magussimon of samariasimon the sorcerersimon magus and peteractshelensemon sancusromeroman religionM. David Litwadavid litwam david litwadavidlitwaDavid LitwaLitwaSimonPeterCephasSimon Petersimoniansgnostic christsimon magus in actssimon the magicianearly christianitychristianitychristjesus christjesusgnostic biblenag hammadigospelsgreekhellenismmythologyreligionmyths