Japanese-born American Syukuro Manabe, German Klaus Hasselmann and Italian Giorgio Parisi were the joint winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physics on Tuesday for work which helps understand the complex physical systems such as Earth's changing climate.

One-half of the 10 million Swedish crown (US$1.15-million) prize goes in equal parts to Manabe, 90, and Hasselmann, 89, for modelling Earth's climate and reliably predicting global warming. The other half goes to Parisi for discovering in the early 1980s "hidden rules" behind seemingly random movements and swirls in gases and liquids, which can also be applied to aspects of neuroscience, machine learning and starling flight formations.

Hasselmann told reporters after winning that he did not want to wake up from what he called a beautiful dream, while Manabe said he was overwhelmed with the news. Parisi also stressed that climate change was an "enormous danger" for humanity and governments need to act "as fast as they can."

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