Botulinum Toxin | Botulism toxin | Clostridium botulinum | Basic Science Series
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1. Botulinum toxin, commonly known as Botox, is a powerful neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes botulism, a severe illness characterized by muscle paralysis, but it's widely used in medicine, especially in cosmetic dermatology and various medical conditions.
2. Botulinum toxin has a complex structure with a molecular weight of around 150 kDa. It consists of a heavy chain (about 100 kDa) and a light chain (about 50 kDa) linked by a single disulfide bond.
3. Produced as a single polypeptide chain, it undergoes proteolytic cleavage to become active. The heavy chain has a receptor-binding domain that binds to presynaptic nerve terminals, while the light chain has enzymatic activity.
4. After binding to the presynaptic membrane, it's internalized into the nerve cell via endocytosis. The light chain is released into the cytoplasm, where it cleaves specific proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, particularly SNARE proteins.
5. Botulinum toxin blocks the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction. It causes temporary muscle paralysis, making it useful in therapeutic and cosmetic applications.
6. In cosmetic dermatology, it's used to reduce facial wrinkles by paralyzing muscles responsible for facial expressions. It's also used to treat neurological and neuromuscular disorders like cervical dystonia, spasticity, blepharospasm, and chronic migraine.
7. Research is ongoing for its use in conditions like hyperhidrosis, overactive bladder, and depression.
8. Botulinum toxin, despite its dangers, has diverse medical applications due to its ability to cause temporary muscle paralysis. Support for educational content like this encourages us to create more videos for free global learning.
References
1. Horowitz, B. Zane. "Botulinum toxin." Critical care clinics 21.4 (2005): 825-39.
2. Huang, Wilber, Jill A. Foster, and Arlene S. Rogachefsky. "Pharmacology of botulinum toxin." Journal of the American academy of dermatology 43.2 (2000): 249-259.
3. Erbguth, Frank J. "Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin." Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 19.S8 (2004): S2-S6.
4. Jaspers, G. W. C., J. Pijpe, and J. Jansma. "The use of botulinum toxin type A in cosmetic facial procedures." International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 40.2 (2011): 127-133.
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