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In this video, we will see the major differences between hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, their functioning, and their applications in the industrial sector.
Before starting, it is essential to specify that there are differences between the single-acting cylinder and the double-acting one.
The single-acting cylinder can be ruled in one direction only; and the fluid gas, which is spread by a pump or compressor, enters from one end only and pushes the stem out.
To guarantee that it returns to its original position, the single-acting piston is rejected by a spring integrated into the system.
The double-acting piston, differently from the single-acting one, can be moved directly by the operator in two directions, by sliding it back and forth along its axis. Consequently, there is inclusive control of the mechanical organ.
This system is generally the most used for the movement of many types of equipment. Thanks to the possibility of full control of the same without being subjected to waiting or the action of a return spring.
The common basic component used in these machines that converts fluid pressure into linear actuated motion is the hydraulic cylinder. As diggers on construction sites, assembly lines, but also industrial packing machines. In all these machines, the device which converts the pressure of a fluid into linear movement is the hydraulic cylinder.
In this video, we will explore the components of a hydraulic cylinder and understand its functional mechanisms.
Piston assembly shown here is the fundamental model of a hydraulic cylinder. It consists of a cylindrical bore with an end cap. Its function is to hold the fluid pressure when oil is pumped into the cylinder. A cylinder head is attached to the other end of the barrel. It completes the enclosure to hold the fluid inside the system. A piston rod extends from inside the cylinder through the head. It transfers the force from the cylinder to the equipment on which the cylinder system is used.
A piston is attached to the piston rod. It splits the cylinder bore into two compartments and reciprocates back and forth when the pressure is developed on both side of the cylinder chamber. A set of circular sealing rings are used in the interface of metals. These rings are assembled by making grooves in the metals. The seals used between the surface of metals in relative motion are dynamic seals and those acting between two surfaces at rest with respect to each other are static seals. A piston seal acts as a pressure barrier between two chambers separated by a piston. The guide rings prevent metal to metal contact and resist radial forces acting in the cylinder. A wiper seal is used to wipe dirt from the rod while entering through the head and prevent contamination of oil. A rod guide ring is used to absorb transverse forces acting on the system and prevents metal to metal contact of rod and cylinder head. Rod seal prevents the fluid from escaping the chamber. A buffer seal protects the main seal during peak pressures. A head static seal is used to seal the interface between cylinder head and cylinder barrel.
Now let's understand the operating principle of a hydraulic cylinder. The model shown here is a double-acting hydraulic cylinder. In other words, this means that the system can extend or retract by using hydraulic fluid in both conditions.
The hydraulic cylinder functioning is based on the principle of Pascal, given by B. Pascal, a well- known French mathematician, who wrote the law of fluid physics in 1953. This law establishes that, when an increase in pressure occurs at a point of a confined fluid, this increase is also transmitted to each point of the fluid inside the container with the same intensity.
As we can see from the pictures, a passage is created in the cylinder to allow the liquid to enter the chamber, which we will name C-A. Since the chamber is airtight, the fluid will exert pressure on all sides. The piston is the only moving part inside the cylinder, so when the pressure rises inside the cylinder, the piston will begin to move. At the same time, it pushes the liquid into the chamber C-B which, exiting the cylinder, will have lower pressure.
Here, we can observe the hydraulic cylinder functioning on this digger. The cylinder is attached to a pump through some cables, which contain the hydraulic fluid. A control valve manages the introduction of the liquid into the cylinder chambers.
