Among the most iconic extinct animals of all time, the mammoths were an incredibly successful genus of Elephantids that thrived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Originating in Africa, mammoths migrated into Eurasia roughly 3 million years ago and conquered that warm savannah ecosystems present there. A few species developed into some of the largest of all Proboscideans, while tiny insular dwarf forms emerged in the Mediterranean and the Channel Islands of California. The iconic Woolly Mammoth first appeared in Asia c. 400,000 years ago, developing a dense furry coat and small ears in order to adapt to the cold conditions of the steppe. These animals dwelt alongside Neanderthals and modern humans, forming an important element of their belief systems and cultures. Recent evidence has demonstrated that mammoths were able to survive on mainland Siberia until c.4000 years ago, as well as persisting on Wrangel Island, still extant while the Great Pyramid of Giza was being constructed in Egypt. A shrinking habitat and pressure from human hunting likely tipped the scales in favour of extinction for the mammoths, with their low population numbers and slow breeding cycles working against them.
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