Collective behavior used to refer mostly to aggregation and collective motion (e.g. flock or crowd). However, the connection between individual and collective behavior generally makes it part of the study of complex systems, which has been emphasized in recent years, broadening its scope.

Further Reading and References Mentioned:

Climate change and social behavioral changes in macaque monkeys:
Testard C, Shergold C, Acevedo-Ithier A, Hart J, Bernau A, Negron-Del Valle JE, et al. Ecological disturbance alters the adaptive benefits of social ties. Science. 2024 Jun 21;384(6702):1330–5.

Democratic consensus in fish groups:
Couzin ID, Ioannou CC, Demirel G, Gross T, Torney CJ, Hartnett A, et al. Uninformed individuals promote democratic consensus in animal groups. Science. 2011;334(6062):1578–80.

On the importance of studying collective behavior:
Bak-Coleman JB, Alfano M, Barfuss W, Bergstrom CT, Centeno MA, Couzin ID, et al. Stewardship of global collective behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021 Jul 6;118(27):e2025764118.

Large scale trends in history:
Turchin P. End Times: Elites, Counter-Elites and the Path of Political Disintegration. Random House; 2023.

Other references on collective behavior:
- Sumpter D j. t. The principles of collective animal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2006 Jan 29;361(1465):5–22.
- Goldstone RL, Gureckis TM. Collective Behavior. Topics in Cognitive Science. 2009;1(3):412–38.
- Gordon DM. The Ecology of Collective Behavior. PLoS Biology. 2014 Mar;12(3):1–4.


Complex systems and related concepts
1. Camazine S. Self-organization in Biological Systems. Princeton University Press; 2003.
2. Morowitz HJ. The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex. Oxford University Press; 2004.
3. Holland JH. Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford University Press; 2000.
4. Mitchell M. Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford University Press; 2009.
5. Barabási AL, Frangos J. Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life. Hachette UK; 2014.
6. Easley D, Kleinberg J. Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World. Cambridge University Press; 2010.
7. Gladwell M. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Little, Brown Book Group Limited; 2014.
8. Scheffer M. Critical Transitions in Nature and Society. Princeton University Press; 2020
9. Meadows DH. Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Chelsea Green Publishing; 2008.

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