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Ulaanbaatar, also known as Ulan Bator or simply just UB, is the capital of Mongolia. With a population of around 1.3 million, it is the largest city in Mongolia, standing as its political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub. For business and pleasure trips alike, you will find yourself coming to the city at least once. Knowing and exploring the city properly can help you understand the country’ history and its wonderful people. One will often see the past and the present are still living side by side.


In the history of the Mongolian people, there have been several well-known cities built as capital cities such as Kharakhorum during the 13th century Great Mongolian Empire. But none of them survived as an active capital city until the 16th century. With the active introduction of Lamaism in Mongolia from the 16th century, permanent monastic establishments started to emerge when Tibetan Buddhism flourished. The most important of such settlements was the residency palace of Mongolia’s first spiritual leader named Zanabazar or Jebtsundamba Khutuktu in the year 1649. The year is now considered as the founding date of Mongolia’s modern capital city, Ulaanbaatar. [51] The city was first named Ikh Khuree, literally meaning “large circle” as the city was circular shaped. After changing locations in the central part of Mongolia over 20 times, it settled at its current location in the year of 1778.

Much of the modern architecture of Ulaanbaatar started to shape in the 20th century with the influence from Russian architecture. The modern day UB showcases a mix of Soviet architecture, ger settlements, Buddhist monasteries and 21st century high rises. Among Buddhist temples, most notables are the Among Buddhist temples, most notables are the Gandan Tegchinlen Monastery, Choijin Lama Temple and Bogd Khan Winter Palace Museum .

Landmarks
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The city features many landmarks representing different periods of its history. From Soviet style relics to modern high rises, UB now has many attractions for different tastes and interests.

Chinggis Khan Square (formerly known as Sukhbaatar Square) is one of the largest squares in Asia. It has an equestrian statue of the 1921 revolution hero Sükhbaatar, and seated statue of Chinggis Khaan and his sons and 2 military generals (Urlugs). During the summer time, especially around mid July, variety of rock and folklore concerts, as well as parades and other cultural events take place regularly.

In the southern side, you can see a small hill with a monument on its top, called, Zaisan Memorial. A huge communist-era monument is located on a hill in the south of the city. It represents the Russian and Mongolian heroes who fought together during WWI and WWII. Nowadays it is a popular viewpoint where you can see over the whole city. There's also a huge Buddhist statue at the bottom.

Moving to the central west part of the city is the State Department Store, locally known as Ikh Delguur, literally translated as “mega shop”. It was the largest shopping mall in Mongolia during the communist period and still is one of the largest outlets for imported goods, grocery store and souvenir shop. Across the State Department Store is Mongolia’s circus, which was a popular family place in the communist period.

Gandan Monastery (Gandantegchinlen Khiid), Gandan Monastery District, Ulaanbaatar 16040 (011 36 0354). Moving to the north west side of the city, one will see a large Tibetan known as Gandan Monastery or Gandantegchenlen Khiid. Daily sessions start at 0900 am and continues to about midday. Approximately 150 monks do services here but the most important icon of the monastery ground is its 26.5 meter tall statue of Megjid Janraisag (Sanskrit: Avalokiteœvara). After being sacked and destroyed during the 1930s political purge in Mongolia, the statue was re-built in 1996 as a result of 4 years of national effort for fundraising and renovation works. Today, it is often seen as the symbol of Mongolia’s democracy and independence. Gandan Tegchenling Monastery was officially re-approved by the First Buddhist Congress of Mongolia held in 1992 as the main centre of Mongolian Buddhists. (“Introduction”, Gandan Tegchenling Monastery, 2010) Taking photographs in the main temple requires the payment of ₮5000 but no photos are allowed in the temples with monk performing ceremonies. Entrance ₮3500.

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