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The lacrimal apparatus is a system in the human body responsible for the production, distribution, and drainage of tears. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the health and function of the eyes by keeping them moist, clean, and protected from foreign particles. The lacrimal apparatus consists of several key structures:

Lacrimal glands: These are paired almond-shaped glands located in the superior and lateral part of each orbit, just under the orbital rim. They produce the aqueous component of tears and are divided into two lobes: the larger orbital lobe and the smaller palpebral lobe.

Lacrimal ducts: These are small ducts that transport tears from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctival sac. The excretory ducts from the gland lobes merge to form around 6-12 small ducts that open into the superior conjunctival fornix.

Conjunctiva: This is a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva) and the anterior surface of the eyeball (bulbar conjunctiva). The conjunctiva helps distribute tears evenly across the eye surface during blinking.

Lacrimal puncta: These are small openings located at the medial end of both the upper and lower eyelids. They serve as entry points for tears into the lacrimal drainage system.

Lacrimal canaliculi: These are small channels that begin at the lacrimal puncta and transport tears from the eye surface to the lacrimal sac. Each canaliculus consists of a vertical and horizontal portion.

Lacrimal sac: This is a small, pouch-like structure located in the lacrimal fossa of the medial orbital wall. The upper end of the lacrimal sac is continuous with the canaliculi, while the lower end narrows to become the nasolacrimal duct.

Nasolacrimal duct: This duct extends from the lacrimal sac to the inferior nasal meatus inside the nasal cavity. It serves as the final drainage pathway for tears, emptying them into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain eye health by providing constant lubrication and protection. Tear production may increase due to emotional factors or the presence of irritants, resulting in tearing or watery eyes. Dysfunction of any part of the lacrimal apparatus can lead to problems like dry eye, excessive tearing, or infection.

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