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From a major royal castle - established around the mid-13th century - and the home of the Moravian margraves in the mid-14th century, it gradually turned into a huge baroque fortress, the toughest prison in the Austro-Hungarian empire and then barracks.
A prison had always constituted part of the Špilberk fortress. After the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620, the leading Moravian members of the anti-Habsburg "insurrection" were imprisoned in Špilberk for several years.
Franz Freiherr von der Trenck, (born 1711),died here on 4 October 1749.
Prisoners came from throughout the Austro Hungarian empire, most notably Italy and Poland.
The Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph dissolved the Špilberk prison in 1855, and after departure of the last prisoners three years later, its premises were converted into barracks and they remained such for the next hundred years.
In 1939-41, the German army and Gestapo carried out extensive reconstruction at Špilberk in order to turn it into a model barracks.
The Czechoslovak army left Špilberk in 1959, which marked a definite end to its military era. The following year, Špilberk became the HQ of the Brno City Museum.
Brno was acknowledged to be a town in 1243 by Václav I, King of Bohemia, although it was settled at least 700 years before that. From the 11th century, a castle of the governing Přemyslid dynasty stood here.
During the mid-14th century Brno became one of the centres for the Moravian regional assemblies, whose meetings alternated between Brno and Olomouc. These regional authority bodies made decisions on political, legal, and financial questions. They were also responsible for the upkeep of regional records.
During the Hussite Wars, the city remained faithful to King Zikmund. The Hussites twice laid siege to the city, once in 1428 and again in 1430, both times in vain.
During the Thirty Years' War, in 1643 and 1645, Brno was the only city to successfully defend itself from Swedish sieges. In the years following the Thirty Years' War, the city became an impregnable baroque fortress. In 1742, the Prussians vainly attempted to conquer the city, and the position of Brno was confirmed with the establishment of a bishopric in 1777.
In the 18th century, development of industry and trade began to take place, which continued into the next century. Soon after the industrial revolution, the town became one of the industrial centres of Moravia — sometimes it even being called the Czech Manchester. In 1839, the first train arrived in Brno. Together with the development of industry came the growth of the suburbs, and the city lost its fortifications, as did the Spielberg fortress, which became a notorious prison to where not only criminals were sent, but also political opponents of the Austrian Empire. Gas lighting was introduced to the city in 1847 and a tram system in 1869. Mahen Theatre in Brno was the first building in the world to use Edison's electric lamps.
During the "First Republic" (19181938) Brno continued to gain importance — it was during this period that Masaryk University was established (1919), the state armoury (Československá Statni Zbrojovka Brno) was established (1919), and the Brno Fairgrounds were opened in 1928 with an exhibition of contemporary culture. The city was not only a centre of industry and commerce, but also of education and culture. Famous people who lived and worked in the city include Gregor Mendel, Leoš Janáček, Viktor Kaplan, Jiří Mahen, and Bohuslav Fuchs.
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