Half-life is a fundamental concept in nuclear physics that describes the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay. This predictable rate of decay allows scientists to measure the stability of radioactive elements and date archaeological findings through radiocarbon dating. Introduced by Ernest Rutherford, the concept of half-life is crucial for understanding the behavior of radioactive substances, managing nuclear waste, and applying radiation in medical treatments. It provides a quantitative measure for the decay process, enhancing our comprehension of atomic and subatomic particles.

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