A Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), also known as a "mole," is a massive machine used to excavate tunnels for a variety of purposes, including transportation, mining, and hydroelectric power generation. TBMs are especially useful for constructing underground transportation systems, as they can dig through a variety of soil and rock types, creating smooth and precisely aligned tunnels.
The basic design of a TBM consists of a rotating cutting wheel that is mounted on the front of a shield, which is used to support the excavation face. The cutting wheel can range in size from a few meters to over 15 meters in diameter and is equipped with a variety of cutting tools, such as disc cutters, tungsten carbide bits, or roller cutters, depending on the ground conditions. The shield is also equipped with hydraulic jacks that push the TBM forward as it excavates, and a conveyor system that removes the excavated material from the tunnel.
TBMs can work in a variety of ground conditions, from soft soil to hard rock. They are typically used to excavate tunnels for transportation systems, such as subways and train tunnels, as well as for mining and hydroelectric power generation. TBMs are capable of excavating tunnels at a rate of several meters per day, depending on the ground conditions and the size and type of the TBM.
The use of TBMs has greatly improved the efficiency and safety of tunnel construction, as they are capable of excavating tunnels at a much faster rate than traditional methods, such as drill and blast techniques. Additionally, the use of TBMs has reduced the amount of disruption to the surface environment during tunnel construction, as they produce less noise and vibration than traditional methods.

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