Pancreatic islet transplantation represents a promising treatment for patients with T1D, but a shortage of available healthy islet donors means that there is an insufficient supply of insulin-producing islets to meet the demands for such therapies. Thus, research efforts over the last decade have focused on generating artificial islets from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as a prospective solution to this scarcity. While these studies have yielded impressive results, current methods are still incapable of producing functional islets that fully recapitulate the activity and glucose responsiveness of normal human islets.

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