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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications widely used for their pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties. They work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which plays a key role in the production of prostaglandins, substances that mediate inflammation and pain. Common examples of NSAIDs include ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen. These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, headaches, and muscle aches. While effective, NSAIDs can have side effects, particularly with long-term use, including gastrointestinal issues like ulcers and bleeding, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. It's important for individuals to use NSAIDs as directed and consult with a healthcare provider, especially if they have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.


Prostaglandins are a family of chemicals that are produced by the cells of the body and have several important functions. They promote inflammation that is necessary for healing, but also results in pain, and fever; support the blood clotting function of platelets, and protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of acid. Prostaglandins are produced within the body's cells by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). There are two COX enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2. Both enzymes produce prostaglandins that promote inflammation, pain, and fever. However, only COX-1 produces prostaglandins that support platelets and protect the stomach. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block the COX enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body. As a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain, and fever are reduced. Since the prostaglandins that protect the stomach and support platelets and blood clotting also are reduced, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in the stomach and promote bleeding.

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