Within Indonesia is a volcano which was once an active volcano in the middle of a 6 mile wide hole in the ground; a caldera. This caldera is filled with sand sized ash particles that form dune like features, being known as the Sand Sea Caldera. The caldera is the youngest of two to exist in the complex, with the most active and youngest stratocone being known as Mount Bromo which last erupted in December of 2020.
Thumbnail Photo Credit: This work "BromoVolcano2", is a derivative of a photo (resized, cropped, text overlay, graphics overlay (GeologyHub logo and the border overlay)) from "Mount Bromo, Java, Indonesia", by: sara marlowe, saramarlowe, 2007, Posted on Flickr, Flickr account link: [ Ссылка ], Photo link: [ Ссылка ], CC BY 2.0. "BromoVolcano2" is used & licensed under CC BY 2.0 by Youtube.com/GeologyHub
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Video Sources from the Extreme Pursuit YouTube channel:
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[2] [ Ссылка ]
[3] [ Ссылка ]
[4] [ Ссылка ]
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Sources/Citations:
[1] Source of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) methodology and criteria: Newhall, C. G., and Self, S. (1982), The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 87(C2), 1231–1238, doi:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231. Accessed / Read by Youtube.com/GeologyHub on Oct 5th, 2022.
[2] Wentworth, Chester Keeler. “A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments.” The Journal of Geology 30 (1922): 377 - 392.
[3] *Kiyoshi Toshida, Shingo Takeuchi, Akira Takada, Anjar Heriwaseso, Rosgandika Mulyana, Asep Nursurim, Age of the second (Sand Sea) caldera-forming eruption at Tengger-Bromo volcano system, East Java., Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan, 2012, Volume 2012, The 119th Annual Meeting(2012' Osaka), Session ID R3-P-5, Pages 409-, Released on J-STAGE March 26, 2013, Online ISSN 2187-6665, Print ISSN 1348-3935, [ Ссылка ], [ Ссылка ]
[4] M. van Gerven, H. Pichler, Some aspects of the volcanology and geochemistry of the Tengger Caldera, Java, Indonesia: eruption of a K-rich tholeiitic series, Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 125-133, ISSN 0743-9547, [ Ссылка ]00003-B.([ Ссылка ])
[5] Dates/years for the two caldera forming volcanic eruptions of the Bromo volcanic complex via the ages of the Sand Sea Caldera forming eruption and the Nigadisari Caldera forming eruption in this video are sourced from the LaMEVE database (British Geological Survey © UKRI), [ Ссылка ], Used with Permission.
0:00 Bromo Volcano
1:14 Geologic Setting
1:41 Geologic History
2:53 Post Caldera Cones
4:00 Conclusion
