There are a few things that can go wrong on a car turbo. The main items are the turbo actuator and the wastegate.
The actuator normally works by a vacuum that moves the actuator. The diaphragm can fail causing over boost. Some vehicles are controlled electronically.
This in turn moves the wastegate, these can and often sieze.
They can be checked with the turbocharger being removed as seen in this video.
How to test a Turbo Actuator and Wastegate.
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