Typhoid Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Vaccine
Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, presents with symptoms like high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, headache, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal issues, and characteristic rose spots. The infection spreads through contaminated food and water, poor hygiene, close contact, and by asymptomatic carriers. Pathogenesis involves bacterial entry via contaminated food or water, traversal through the intestines, and spread to organs through the bloodstream. Diagnosis relies on blood cultures, CBC, serologic tests, and PCR, while treatment includes antibiotics, supportive care, and hydration. Complications like intestinal perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic issues, CNS involvement, cardiovascular and renal complications can occur if untreated. Prevention strategies encompass vaccination, improved sanitation, safe food handling, health education, screening, and community engagement.
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