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Cadaveric Anatomy of The Scalp: Layers, Innervation, Blood Supply (Human Anatomy Dissection videos)
Covering the surface of your head, the scalp extends from the top of your forehead across to the epicranial aponeurosis of the head. Laterally, it reaches down to the external auditory meatus and zygomatic arch (cheekbone of the skull). The scalp consists of 5 distinct layers:
Skin
Connective tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium (periosteum)
These layers can easily be remembered using the handy mnemonic SCALP. The upper layers of the scalp can slide over the connective tissue beneath them, which is why the skin on your head has some ‘movement’.
The scalp is obviously hairy and has many sebaceous glands (oil glands) scattered across it. This density at which these glands are found means that the scalp can commonly be affected by sebaceous cysts. Scalp hairs protrude from structures known as hair follicles, which are situated in the dermis of the scalp. The hair follicle is comprised of layers of cells that work together to support and form the hair shaft.
Hair becomes erect through the action of tiny smooth muscles known as erector pili muscles.
The skin is composed of two main layers, such as the epidermis and the dermis (with hair follicles, glands, Pacinian corpuscles, etc.)
Also referred to as the superficial fascia, the connective tissue of the scalp is a fibrofatty layer. This layer forms the bridge between the skin and the epicranial aponeurosis by connecting the two together.
The epicranial aponeurosis is a thin but tough layer of fibrous tendinous tissue and is the site at which the occipitofrontalis muscle inserts into the tissue of the scalp
The loose areolar tissue forms a loose connection between the epicranial aponeurosis and the pericranium. It allows the other layers of the scalp to slide off over the pericranium.
The pericranium is a fine membrane that covers the outer surface of the skull. It is made up of dense irregular connective tissue and it has 2 distinct layers: fibrous and cambium.
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