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2 October 1187 Sultan Saladin Al-Ayyubi liberates Baitul Maqdis
Before Saladin Al Ayyubi and his army—consisting of the mujahid of Sham and Egypt—liberated Baitul Maqdis, he first won the decisive battle at Hittin on July 4, 1187. In that battle, the Crusaders lost their king—Guy de Lusignan—and many their knights died. So that the cities around Palestine were easily liberated by the Sultan.
Saladin's success in uniting the Islamic lands and defeating the Crusaders in Hittin were the two most important steps that paved the way for the Muslims to liberate Baitul Maqdis. By mid-September after the victory at Hittin, Saladin succeeded in liberating the cities of Acre, Nablus, Yaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut, and Asqalan. Many European kings' castles were conquered by him, so this news reached all corners of the European continent.
Meanwhile, Baitul Maqdis was led by Balian of Ibelin. A son of a Frankish aristocrat (today's France) who was appointed by the local bishop to be the "defender of Jerusalem."
Balian saw the situation at Baitul Maqdis unfavorable for the Crusaders. The city was filled with fleeing soldiers fleeing Saladin's liberation, with more arriving every day. There were less than 14 knights in the whole city. Finally, he inducted 60 new knights from the ranks of the guards and commoners. He could not deny, the Syrian and Egyptian troops gathered under the banner of Saladin and other major cities had been liberated by the Sultan.
Finally, the Muslim troops arrived on September 20, 1187 at the walls of Baitul Maqdis. Saladin built his tent on the northern wall of Baitul Maqdis called the Damascus Gate. The archers alertly fired their arrows at the fort. During the first 6 days, skirmishes were fought with little payoff. Saladin's troops initially suffered heavy casualties after each attack.
On September 26, Saladin moved his camp to another part of the city, on the Mount of Olives where there was no main gate from which the crusaders could counterattack. The walls are constantly being attacked by siege engines, catapults, mangonels, trebuchet, fire arrows to ordinary arrows.
Part of the wall was excavated from below, and collapsed on September 29. The crusaders were not able to push Saladin's army back since the wall fell, but at the same time, the Muslims could not find the entrance to the city. Only a few dozen knights were getting exhausted and a handful of men were left to defend the walls, for there were no more men to be found even with the promise of a hefty fee.
On Balian's orders, the Crusaders surrendered and handed over Baitul Maqdis to Sultan Saladin on October 2, 1187. The takeover of the city was far from brutal. There is only peace, in stark contrast to the siege of the Crusaders in 1099. Balian paid 30,000 dinars to free 7,000 of those who could not afford it. But Saladin in the end freed everyone by taking very little money.
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