THE FIRST CRUSADE (1095-1099)

The Crusades were a set of wars or military campaigns especially between Christians and Muslims in the Eastern Mediterranean world in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries AD. The First Crusade laid the foundation for later Crusades by setting the rationale, method of recruitment, and means by which the military campaigns were carried out.
The root cause of the First Crusade was the invasion and capture of Palestine and formerly Christian lands in Eastern Europe by Muslim armies. At first, the Fatimids of Egypt ruled over Palestine and allowed Jews and Christians to worship freely as long as they did not try to convert people to their religion, build new places of worship, or refuse to pay taxes.

Byzantine Emperor Alexius I was concerned about access to Jerusalem and other Eastern Christian cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Alexius I even feared that the Byzantine capital of Constantinople might fall to the encroaching Muslims and since he was faced with internal struggles of his own, he reached out to Pope Urban II for help. Now, the Pope had no control over any military in Western Europe and was involved in disputes of his own with Western kings regarding the relationship between church and state. However, Urban II recognized this as an opportunity to improve three situations: (1) improve his influence in Western Europe, (2) help reunite Eastern and Western Christians following the Great Schism of 1054—the subject of another video, and (3) improve access for pilgrims to Jerusalem and other holy sites in Palestine.

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