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Cluj-Napoca (Romanian: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] (listen)), or simply Cluj (Hungarian: Kolozsvár [ˈkoloʒvaːr] (listen), German: Klausenburg), is the fourth-most populous city in Romania.[6] It is the seat of Cluj County in the northwestern part of the country. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest (445 kilometres (277 miles)), Budapest (461 km (286 mi)) and Belgrade (483 km (300 mi)). Located in the Someșul Mic river valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. From 1790 to 1848 and from 1861 to 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.
As of 2011, 324,576 inhabitants lived within the city limits (making it the country's second most populous at the time, after the national capital Bucharest), marking a slight increase from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.[5][7] The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people,[4][8] while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents.[4][9] The new metropolitan government of Cluj-Napoca became operational in December 2008.[10] According to a 2007 estimate provided by the County Population Register Service, the city hosts a visible population of students and other non-residents—an average of over 20,000 people each year during 2004–2007.[11] The city spreads out from St. Michael's Church in Unirii Square, built in the 14th century and named after the Archangel Michael, Cluj's patron saint.[12] The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi).

Cluj experienced a decade of decline during the 1990s, its international reputation suffering from the policies of its mayor at the time, Gheorghe Funar.[13] Today, the city is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its botanical garden; nationally renowned cultural institutions; as well as the largest Romanian-owned commercial bank.[14][15] Cluj-Napoca held the titles of European Youth Capital in 2015,[16] and European City of Sport in 2018.[17]

The first written mention of the city's current name – as a Royal Borough – was in 1213 under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus.[19] Despite the fact that Clus as a county name was recorded in the 1173 document Thomas comes Clusiensis,[20] it is believed that the county's designation derives from the name of the castrum, which might have existed prior to its first mention in 1213, and not vice versa.[20] With respect to the name of this camp, it is widely accepted as a derivation from the Latin term clausa – clusa, meaning "closed place", "strait", "ravine".[20] Similar senses are attributed to the Slavic term kluč, meaning "a key"[20] and the German Klause – Kluse (meaning "mountain pass" or "weir").[21] The Latin and Slavic names have been attributed to the valley that narrows or closes between hills just to the west of Cluj-Mănăștur.[20] An alternative hypothesis relates the name of the city to its first magistrate, Miklus – Miklós / Kolos.[21]

Napoca, the pre-Roman and Roman name of ancient settlements in the area of the modern city, was added to the historical and modern name of Cluj during Nicolae Ceaușescu's national-communist dictatorship as part of his myth-making efforts.[26] This happened in 1974, when the communist authorities made this nationalist gesture with the goal of emphasising the city's pre-Roman roots.[27][28] The full name of "Cluj-Napoca" is rarely used outside of official contexts.[29]

The Roman Empire conquered Dacia in AD 101 and 106, during the rule of Trajan, and the Roman settlement Napoca, established thereafter, is first recorded on a milestone discovered in 1758 in the vicinity of the city.[33] Trajan's successor Hadrian granted Napoca the status of municipium as municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses. Later, in the second century AD,[34] the city gained the status of a colonia as Colonia Aurelia Napoca. Napoca became a provincial capital of Dacia Porolissensis and thus the seat of a procurator. The colonia was evacuated in 274 by the Romans.[33] There are no references to urban settlement on the site for the better part of a millennium thereafter.[35]
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