These ore deposits are defined on the basis of 4 major characteristics:
Their spatial and temporal relationship to volcanism and volcanic rocks.
The “massive” ore is stratabound or stratiform (or nearly so) and greater than 60% sulfide minerals.
The ores are composed of the elements zinc, copper, and lead with minor but significant amounts of gold and silver.
The ore deposits form at or near the seawater-rock/sediment interface with deposition from a hot hydrothermal fluid. Near the seafloor because there are VMS deposits where the ore and alteration minerals replace volcanic deposits that have high porosity.
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