What Is Quantum Supremacy? - The Rise of Quantum Computers

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Script: "The age of quantum supremacy
We have just entered the age of quantum supremacy, a new study suggests.
Researchers at Google have developed a quantum processor called Sycamore that was able to perform a specific task in 200 seconds. They claim that it would take the world's best supercomputers 10,000 years to complete the task.
This is an important milestone—one that Sundar Pichai, Google’s CEO, compares to the 12second first flight by the Wright brothers.
According to Pichai, the breakthrough is a step towards using quantum computers to solve realworld problems.
Not everyone agrees however, whether Google's announcement represents true quantum supremacy. The tech firm’s rival, IBM questioned some of Google's figures.
According to researchers at IBM, this experiment is an excellent demonstration of the progress in superconducting-based quantum computing, but it should not be viewed as proof that quantum computers are “supreme” over classical computers.
Classical computers have their unique strengths and both systems will rather work coherently. In response to the work from Google, they also argue that their most powerful supercomputer, called Summit, could complete the same task in 2.5 days rather than 10,000 years.
In recent years, many of the tech industry’s biggest names, including Google, IBM, Microsoft, Intel, and Alibaba, have invested millions and millions of dollars into quantum computers.
So, what is quantum supremacy and why is it important?
The promise of quantum computers is that certain computational tasks might be executed exponentially faster on a quantum processor than on a classical processor.
The phrase quantum supremacy was coined in 2012 by John Preskill, a theoretical physicist at Caltech, to describe the point at which quantum computers can do things that classical computers simply cannot.
Much has already been written on how quantum computing differs from classical computing.
Classical computers are powered by bits that exist in only one state at a time — a one, or a zero. Quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can simultaneously be any combination of zero and one.
Qubits can be any point on the sphere. They represent atoms, ions, photons or electrons and their respective control devices that are working together to act as computer memory and a processor. Just as "quantum mechanics is both a wave and a particle, quantum computing is both digital and analog.
Because a quantum computer can contain these multiple states simultaneously, it has the potential to be millions of times more powerful than today's most powerful supercomputers.
Nevertheless, there is still a long road ahead for quantum computers. The big barrier preventing us from having large-scale quantum computers today is that they are highly sensitive to their environment and can be affected by noise.
This noise could come from stray electromagnetic fields or material defects that can exchange energy with qubits. To achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation that can deal not only with noise on stored quantum information, but also with faulty quantum gates, faulty quantum preparation, and faulty measurements it is essential to implement quantum error correction.
Although this task once seemed impossible, scientists have developed multiple techniques that could be implemented in an integrated-circuit-like planar geometry.
Quantum computing will play an important role in future technologies."

References
Sundar Pichai - What our quantum computing milestone means – pub. Oct 23, 2019
[ Ссылка ]
Feynman, R. P. Simulating physics with computers. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 21, 467–488 (1982).
Beale, S.J., Wallman, J.J., Gutierrez, M., Brown, K.R., and Laflamme, R. Coherence in quantum error-correcting codes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 190501 (2018)

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