BMW F 850 GS, Ride, Design,
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The BMW GS series of dual purpose off-road/on-road BMW motorcycles have been produced from 1980, when the R80G/S was launched, to the present day. The GS refers to either Gelände/Straße (German: off-road/road) or Gelände Sport. GS motorcycles can be distinguished from other BMW models by their longer travel suspension, an upright riding position, and larger front wheels – typically 19 to 21 inch. In May 2009, the 500,000th GS was produced, an R1200GS model.
The GS has been available with a range of different engines, including single-cylinder, twin-cylinder water-cooled and twin-cylinder air- ("Airheads") and air/oil-cooled ("Oilheads" and "Hexheads").

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Airheads
Black BMW R80G/S parked in front of a lake
BMW R80G/S
Red BMW R80GS parked on a driveway with some steps and an open garage door in the background
BMW R80GS
White BMW R100GS parked in front of some other motorcycles
BMW R100GS
The first shaft driven GS model was the R80G/S with a 797.5 cc air-cooled, flat-twin boxer engine. The BMW 247 engine, which was also fitted to many other bikes in the BMW range, is known as an airhead, because it relies on airflow across the cylinder heads and cylinder 'barrels' to provide most of the cooling for the engine. The most valued version was the R80G/S-PD "Paris-Dakar" model featuring a larger tank, which was launched in celebration of the R80G/S wins in the Paris Dakar Rally.[4][5] In certain markets, a 649.6 cc R65GS version was also available. These early machines used a combined rear suspension and drive swingarm called a Monolever.

In 1987, the G/S name was changed to GS with the S meaning "Sport" rather than "Straße" and the Monolever was replaced with the Paralever swingarm, which included a torque arm intended to lessen shaft effect and strengthen the swingarm-to-final drive connection. The new bikes were produced with engines of 797.5 cc (R80GS) or 980 cc (R100GS).

Production of the standard machines stopped in 1995 with the R100GS-PD (unofficially Paris Dakar), but special "Kalahari" and "Basic" editions were made available in 1996 and 1997, which ended airhead GS production.

Airhead models still have a very strong following among adventure motorcyclists, due in part to the design of the machine being easy to access and simple to service, but also solid and reliable design concept.

Airhead production history
Monolever
R80G/S 1980–1986
R80G/S-PD 1984–1987
R65GS 1987–1990
Paralever
R80GS 1987–1994
R100GS 1987–1994
R100GS-PD 1988–1995
R80GS Basic 1996–1997
R80GS Kalahari 1996–1997

Oilheads
Black BMW R1100GS with red seat parked on dirt in front of a house

Silver BMW R1150GS parked on a city street with other cars and bikes in the background

Black, silver and red BMW R1200GS parked on a road by the side of a field of mature wheat

In 1995, the introduction of the next generation R-259 or oilhead engine signalled BMW's entry into modern adventure models, with a succession of larger displacement models including the R850GS, R1100GS, R1150GS and the R1200GS. Later models have electronic engine management, ABS braking, twin spark plugs, and more power than airhead models, due in part to the use of four valve heads. The current R1200GS, sometimes referred to as a hexhead because of the revised cylinder head shape, is 30 kg (66 lb) lighter and, with 105 horsepower (78 kW), more powerful than the R1150GS.

The R1150GS and R1200GS are available in an Adventure version which adds a larger fuel tank, lower gearing, upgraded suspension, and optional offroad tires to make the Adventure more suitable for arduous off-road trips with a heavy load of gear and supplies. The horizontally opposed two-cylinder "boxer" engine provides a comparatively low centre of gravity compared to motorcycles with inline-4 or V-twin engines. This strongly contributes to the ability of these supra-litre class machines to travel on dirt roads and trails. The distribution of torque over a broad RPM range coupled with the relatively wide power pulses inherent in a long-stroke two-cylinder motor provides consistent and predictable traction on loose surfaces.

As with the airheads, all oilhead GS models are shaft driven. The front suspension, however, was changed from conventional forks to the Telelever, developed by British company Saxon Motodd, which uses a control arm, called an A-arm by BMW to eliminate dive under braking.

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