OSI Layer 1 comprises three sublayers: encoding, parallel to serial and amplifiers, LEDs, and lasers. Layer 1 pushes data to mind-blowing speeds of 20Tbps across ocean floors via fiber cables. New server NICs are pumping data at 200Gbps in data centers.
Layer 1 is where signals are impacted by NEXT (Near End Crosstalk) FEXT (Far End Crosstalk), reflection, refraction, dispersion, absorption, and attenuation just to name a few! More money is spent at Layer 1 than all other layers combined!
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