In this look at the use of the comma, we consider its use or non-use in relation to essential and non-essential clauses and phrases. In other words, some clauses and phrases need to be in the sentence for its meaning to be complete. In these instances, a comma is not used. In sentences where the clause or phrase is adding “extra” information, we must use a comma to tell the reader about this.

In this video we look at examples of adjective clauses (especially starting with ‘that’ or ‘which’), adjective phrases (preposition or participle), adverb clauses, noun clauses, and others.

For some learners, essential vs. non-essential may be better recognized as definite/indefinite, defining/non-defining, or restrictive/non-restrictive, depending on the grammar book they use.

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