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Are relative pronouns, pronomi relativi, the ones establishing a link between two sentences: like all the pronouns, they they refer to a previously mentioned person or thing.

Aspetto Silvia. Silvia è appena uscita di casa. (I’m waiting for Silvia. Silvia has just left home.)
Aspetto Silvia, che è appena uscita di casa. (I’m waiting for Sivia, who has just left home.)

Ho visto il film. Tu mi hai prestato un film. (I saw the film. The film you lent me.)
Ho visto il film che mi hai prestato. (I saw the film you lend me.)

Questi sono i pantaloni. Ti ho parlato dei pantaloni. (These are the trousers. I talked to you about the trousers.)
Questi sono i pantaloni di cui ti ho parlato. (These are the trousers I talked to you about.)

Ecco i miei amici. Sono andato in vacanza con i miei amici. (Here are my friends. I went on holyday with my friends.)
Ecco gli amici con cui sono andato in vacanza. (Here are the friends I went on holyday with.)

Quello è il quadro. Tengo tantissimo al quadro. (That is the painting. I care about it so much.)
Quello è il quadro al quale tengo tantissimo. (That is the painting I care so much about.)

Che, cui, quale are the italian relative pronouns. They can assume the function of subject, direct object and indirect object.

- Cui, invariable, preceded by a preposition, represents an indirect object.
For example: Qui trovi tutte le informazioni sul corso a cui ti vuoi iscrivere.
(Here you can find all the information about the class you want to join.)
Questa è la decisione giusta, da cui non ci possiamo esimere.
(This is the right decision we can’t get out of.)
Devo ringraziare Angela, i cui consigli sono stati provvidenziali.
(I have to thank Angela, whose advices has been providential.)

- Che, invariable, can be both the object or the subject of the verb.
For example: Il libro che hai preso è mio. (The book you take is mine.)
Che is the direct object: you took (che cosa?) the book (direct object).
Il libro che parla di Roma è mio. (The book about Rome is mine.)
Che is the subject: the book (subject) is about Rome.

- Il quale, la quale, i quali, le quali are variable; they agree with the noun they refer and with their definite article. They can be used as subject, direct object and, preceded by a preposition, as indirect object.
For example: Ti ha cercato un certo Giuseppe, il quale richiamerà più tardi.
(A certain Giuseppe, who will recall later, was looking for you.)
Sono decisione sulle quali bisogna riflettere con attenzione.
(These are decisions we must reflect on with attention.)

The preposition is an invarible part of the speech. It’s put before a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, an adverb, an infinitive, with the aim of defining the connection, the relation between words or phrases.

Prepositions are used to introduce relations of time, space, manner, specification, cause, purpose and so on.

Two large groups of preposition exist in italian: proper prepositions and improper prepositions.


• Proper prepositions

Prepositions are called proper prepositions, preposizioni proprie, when the word that constitutes the preposition is used only as a preposition.
Proper prepositions can be simple or combined.

- Simple prepositions, preposizioni semplici, are so called because they can’t be diveded in smaller elements. They are also invariable.

Are simple prepositions: di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra.

- Combined prepositions, preposizioni articolate, rise from the union between simple prepositions and definite articles. They change in number and gender.

• Improper prepositions

Prepositions are called improper prepositions, preposizioni improprie, when then the word that constitute the preposition can be also used as an adjective, an adverb or a participle.

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