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SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeleton is made up of bones that comprise the framework of the body. Bones are living structures containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. They support and protect vital organs of the body like the heart enclosed by the chest bones and the brain enclosed by the skull. They also provide levers for muscular action.

The skeletal system could further be divided into three major groups: the axial, appendicular and visceral or splanchnic skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum. Thoracic and pelvic limb bones comprise the appendicular skeleton. There is only one visceral bone present in the dog, the os penis.

The skeletal system of the dog has an average total number of 321 bones. This does not include the bones of the dewclaw since many of the breeds do not have this.

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS IN OSTEOLOGY
Surfaces of bones have numerous eminences, depressions and perforations. The prominences and cavities in bones may be articular, or non-articular; they provide attachment to structures like muscles, ligaments, tendons and fascia. The following descriptive terms will allow for differentiation of the above structures in order to facilitate the study of bones.
1.process – a general term for a prominence
2.tuberosity – a large, rounded non-articular projection
3.tubercle – similar to a tuberosity but is smaller in size
4.trochanter – refers to a few non-articular prominence e.g. the trochanter of the femur
5.spine of spinous process – a pointed projection
6.crest – a sharp ridge
7.line – a very small ridge
8.head – is a rounded articular enlargement at the end of the bone; it may be joined to the shaft by a constricted part, the neck
9.condyle – articular eminence which is cylindrical
10.epicondyle – a non-articular projection in connection with a condyle
11.trochlea – a pulley-like articular mass
12.glenoid cavity – is a shallow articular depression
13.cotyloid cavity or acetabulum – a deeper articular depression
14.facet – commonly applied to articular surfaces of small extent, specially when they are not strongly concave or convex
15.fossa, fovea, groove, sulcus and impression – are applied to various forms of depression
16.foramen – a perforation for the transmission of vessels, nerves, etc
17.sinus – is an air cavity within a bone or bones; it is lined with mucous membrane and communicates with the exterior


📩 vetnotes.1998@gmail.com
📩 vetnotes.1998@gmail.com
📩 vetnotes.1998@gmail.com


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