The shoulder is one of the most complex and mobile joints in the body, capable of a wide range of movements. It's comprised of multiple joints and an array of muscles and tendons, including the four muscles of the rotator cuff and the scapula (shoulder blade).
Here are the basic movements of the shoulder:
Flexion: This is the movement of raising your arm in front of you, towards the anterior side of the body. The deltoid and pectoralis major muscles primarily perform this action.
Extension: This is the movement of drawing your arm backward, towards the posterior side of the body. The latissimus dorsi, teres major, and the posterior deltoid muscles primarily perform this action.
Abduction: This is the movement of lifting your arm to the side, away from the body. This movement is primarily performed by the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles.
Adduction: This is the movement of bringing your arm down towards the side of the body from an elevated position. The pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles primarily perform this action.
Internal (Medial) Rotation: This is the movement of rotating your arm towards the body, like when you're reaching your hand behind your back. The subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles primarily perform this action.
External (Lateral) Rotation: This is the movement of rotating your arm away from your body, like when you're winding up for a throw. The infraspinatus and teres minor muscles primarily perform this action.
The scapula also moves in sync with these actions:
Elevation: This is the upward movement of the shoulder blade, such as when you shrug your shoulders. The trapezius and levator scapulae muscles primarily perform this action.
Depression: This is the downward movement of the shoulder blade, such as when you lower your shoulders from a shrugged position. The lower trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles primarily perform this action.
Protraction (Abduction): This is the movement of the shoulder blades away from the spine, such as when you're reaching forward. The serratus anterior and pectoralis minor muscles primarily perform this action.
Retraction (Adduction): This is the movement of the shoulder blades towards the spine, such as when you're pulling your shoulders back. The middle and lower trapezius and rhomboid muscles primarily perform this action.
Upward Rotation: This is the rotation of the scapula so that the bottom part moves away from the body, like when you're reaching overhead. The trapezius and serratus anterior muscles primarily perform this action.
Downward Rotation: This is the rotation of the scapula so that the bottom part moves towards the body, such as when you're lowering your arm from an overhead position. The rhomboid and pectoralis minor muscles primarily perform this action.
These movements of the shoulder and scapula allow us to perform a wide range of tasks and activities. Problems with any of these structures can lead to movement impairments and pain.
The Importance Of Shoulder And Scapular Movement
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