From Pain Killer to explosive | Synthesis of picric acid or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol ( TNP )
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Synthesizing picric acid from aspirin involves several steps, starting with the acetylation of salicylic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), followed by the nitration of aspirin to produce picric acid. Here is a simplified overview of the process:
Materials Needed:
Salicylic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Sulfuric Acid
Potassium Nitrate
Water
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Ice
Procedure:
Acetylation (Formation of Aspirin):
Mix salicylic acid with acetic anhydride in the presence of a small amount of sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
The reaction can be represented as follows:
C7H6O3+(CH3CO)2O→C9H8O4+H2SO4C
The product is acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin.
Isolation of Aspirin:
The aspirin is separated by adding water to the reaction mixture, causing the aspirin to precipitate.
The precipitate is then filtered and washed to remove impurities.
Nitration of Aspirin:
Dissolve the isolated aspirin in a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid at a low temperature (using an ice bath).
The nitration reaction occurs, resulting in the formation of picric acid:
C9H8O4+HNO3→C6H2(NO2)3COOH+H2O
Work-Up:
After the reaction is complete, the mixture is carefully poured into a large volume of cold water to precipitate the picric acid.
Isolation and Purification:
The yellow precipitate of picric acid is filtered and washed with water to remove impurities. The resulting wet picric acid is often further purified by recrystallization from hot water.
Drying:
The purified picric acid crystals are then dried, either by air drying or by using a desiccator, to obtain the final product.
Safety Considerations:
The nitration process involves the use of concentrated acids, which can be corrosive and hazardous. Adequate safety precautions, including the use of protective equipment and proper ventilation, should be followed.
The reaction is exothermic, so it's crucial to control the temperature by using an ice bath.
Picric acid itself is explosive, especially in its dry form. Precautions should be taken to avoid its concentration and drying without proper knowledge and equipment.
Note: This synthesis should only be performed by individuals with proper training in laboratory techniques and safety procedures. Always consult relevant safety data sheets and institutional guidelines before conducting experiments with hazardous materials.
Description:
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Isolation and Purification:
The yellow precipitate of picric acid is filtered and washed with water to remove impurities. The resulting wet picric acid is often further purified by recrystallization from hot water.
Drying:
The purified picric acid crystals are then dried, either by air drying or by using a desiccator, to obtain the final product.
Safety Considerations:
Both the acetylation and nitration steps involve the use of concentrated acids, which can be corrosive and hazardous. Adequate safety precautions, including the use of protective equipment and proper ventilation, should be followed.
Nitration reactions can be exothermic, so it's crucial to control the temperature by using an ice bath.
Note: This synthesis should only be performed by individuals with proper training in laboratory techniques and safety procedures. Always consult relevant safety data sheets and institutional guidelines before conducting experiments with hazardous materials.
