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The god of wine and wine-making, passion and fertility, music and dance, Dionysus represented the spontaneous and unrestrained aspects of human experience. Known as Eleutherios (the “liberator”), Dionysus produced euphoric states that freed his followers from both the constraints of society and their own inhibitions. Wherever music inspired dance, wherever wine led to revelry, wherever religion sparked ecstasy, Dionysus was thought to be at work. Though he is often shown with the symbolic grapes or wine, Dionysus’ symbols also include the snake and the phallus. Dionysus was adapted from religious traditions of non-Greek peoples in the greater Mediterranean world. Though he was recognized as a foreigner thanks to his origins, Dionysus, was still widely worshiped within Greek society. Perhaps better than any other deity of the Olympian pantheon, Dionysus and his status indicate the depths of religious syncretism in ancient Greece. He lived on in the Roman world under the name Bacchus, and aspects of him have survived in other Near East religious as well, including Christianity. The mythology of Dionysus was formed not only through static myths and stories, but also via the lived religious experiences of his many worshipers in the Greek world and beyond. To worship Dionysus was to experience Dionysus. Dionysus was one of the most popular of Greek deities, and his cult was observed through a variety of festivals. Among them were the Eleusinian Mysteries, the rituals of decay and renewal held in honor of Persephone and Demeter, and the Dionysia—a festival featuring dramatic performances where participants would indulge in bread and wine and carry wooden phalluses.

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