A live attenuated vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains weakened forms of disease-causing microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria. These microorganisms have been modified in the laboratory to lose their ability to cause severe disease while retaining their capacity to stimulate an immune response.
There are several methods used to attenuate microorganisms and create live attenuated vaccines. Here are some of the commonly employed techniques:
Serial Passaging: This method involves repeatedly passaging the microorganism through a series of culture media/non-human cells or tissue cultures. Over time, the microorganism adapts to the new environment, losing its ability to cause disease in humans while retaining its immunogenicity.
Temperature Sensitivity: Some bacteria or viruses have temperature-sensitive growth characteristics. They are unable to grow and cause disease at the higher temperatures found in the human body but can still grow at lower temperatures in the laboratory.
By exploiting this trait, bacteria can be attenuated by growing them under non-permissive temperatures to reduce their pathogenicity.
Live attenuated vaccines closely mimic natural infections, stimulating a comprehensive immune response that resembles the body's natural defense mechanisms.
This immune response typically includes both antibody-based (humoral) and cellular immune responses, leading to a robust and long-lasting immune memory.
Live attenuated vaccines have played a crucial role in reducing the burden of infectious diseases worldwide. They offer long-lasting immunity and often provide better protection than other types of vaccines.
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