The Nyingma school is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, founded by Vajrayana revealer Guru Padmasambhava. "Nyingma" literally means "ancient," and is often referred to as Ngangyur (IPA: [ŋaɲɟuː], Tibetan: སྔ་འགྱུར་རྙིང་མ།, Wylie: snga 'gyur rnying ma), "school of the ancient translations" or "old school". The Nyingma school is founded on the first translations of Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit into Old Tibetan in the eighth century, during the reign of King Trisong Detsen. The Tibetan alphabet and grammar was created for this endeavour.

The Vajrayana or Tantra[1] of the Nyingma school traces its origins to an emanation of Amitaba and of Avalokitesvara, Guru Padmasambhava, whose coming and activities were predicted by Buddha Shakyamuni,[1] which supports the school's view that Padmasambhava is the second Buddha. Nyingma origins are also traced to Garab Dorje and to Yeshe Tsogyal.

The Nyingma school has a Kama or oral lineage and a Terma lineage. The Kama lineage is the oral transmission lineage, and is called the "source of Nyingma tradition" by Nyingma scholar Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche. It is further stated by Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche that,
From the time of Guru Padmasambhava and for at least three centuries afterwards, everyone who attained enlightenment in Tibet did so by practicing the kama lineage teachings of the Nyingma School.[2]

The Kama lineage remained predominant from the 8th to 11th century, and Kama masters taught from the lineage's teachings.[2]

The Terma lineage is the revealed transmission lineage where Tertons, or treasure revealers, realize the teachings. The arising of the Terma lineage began in the 11th century, and by the 14th century Tertons were more sought as teachers than Kama masters.[2] The Terma lineage was established by Guru Padmasambhava and Yeshe Tsogyal, through the hiding of teachings for the purpose of future discovery. The Kama is the basis of the Terma.[2]

The Nyingma Kama lineage begins with Padmasambhava, Shantarakshita, Vimalamitra, and Vairochana. The Nyingma Dzogchen lineage was transmitted directly from Garab Dorje to Padmasambhava.[3]

The Nyingma school arose as the first Tibetan Buddhist school, in the atmosphere of Bon practices which had previously formed the primary basis of Tibetan spiritual beliefs.

Nyingmapa teachings advanced orally among a loose network of lay practitioners. Monasteries with monks and nuns, ordained lay people, along with widespread recognition of reincarnated spiritual teachers, are considered by some as later adaptations,[4] but ex-army personnel were ordained at Samye, the first Buddhist and Nyingma monastery in Tibet, soon after its consecration in 779.

The Nyingma's Six Mother Monasteries are located across Tibet while institutions have been centred in Kham. Many monasteries were destroyed before and after the Cultural Revolution, and most recently demolished at Larung Gar and Yarchen Gar while nuns and monks face arrests and re-education camps. Nyingma monasteries have been rebuilt in Nepal and throughout India, while the Tibetan diaspora has also spread Nyingma Vajrayana masters to the west and in Europe and the Americas. It has also been associated with the Rimé movement.

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