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Mast Cells in Allergic Asthma | Anaphylactic Shock

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▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Contents of this video ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬

0:00 Mast Cells in Allergic Asthma & Anaphylactic Shock
1:47 Mast Cells are present in all body Connective Tissues except CNS.
They have a major role to play in Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction (Type 1 HS); this includes Allergic Asthma as well as Anaphylactic Shock (e.g., as a result of Penicillin Injection)
6:16 ALLERGIC ASTHMA:
Constriction of the bronchial tree in respiratory airways occurs as a response to inhaling certain Pollen Grains.
Usually in non-allergic people; Alveolar and Bronchial Macrophages lining the respiratory epithelium destroy/phagocytose these inhaled pollen grains.
13:16 FIRST EXPOSURE TO POLLENS:
In people allergic to pollens, these macrophages fail to completely phagocytose the inhaled Pollens, instead only partially digesting them, and processing the rest of the antigen to present to the T-Lymphocyte. T-Lymphocytes are converted to T-Helper Cells which stimulate B-lymphocytes and change into Plasma Cells.
Plasma cells make the Anti-pollen IgE class of antibodies. These anti-pollen antibodies attach to Mast Cells present in the CT under respiratory epithelium; Mast Cells loaded with Anti-Pollen IgE antibodies; this is:
The whole process takes about 2 weeks
22:16 SECOND EXPOSURE TO POLLENS:
On second exposure, pollen antigens attach themselves to the Anti-pollen IgE Antibodies on the surface of Mast Cells; triggering the release of;
1-Prostaglandins (PGs)
2-Leukotrienes (LTs)
PROSTAGLANDINS; dilate the blood vessels; Bronchial glands in Bronchial Mucosa produce secretions; MUCOSAL EDEMA results.
LEUKOTRIENES; shrink the endothelial cells; more gaps between the cells; more fluid leakage; further edema ensues.
Mast Cells degranulate to release:
PRIMARY MEDIATORS OF ALLERGY, are;
Histamine, Eosinophil Chemotactic Factors (ECF), Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor (NCF);
These cause further blood vessel dilation, bronchial SM contraction; narrower respiratory airways.
25:33 SECONDARY MEDIATORS OF ALLERGY are formed by Mast Cells after exposure;
1-Interleukin-1
2-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
CLINICAL: Swelling of mucosa combined with increased glandular secretion and increased bronchoconstriction leads to profound DYSPNEA.
As airways become narrow, a Whistling Sound is produced during respiration; this is WHEEZING.
31:32 PENICILLIN ALLERGY & ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK:
In people with Penicillin Allergy, Penicillin injection can cause an allergic reaction.
Connective Tissues under the epithelia and around blood vessels are rich in Mast Cells;
Primary & Secondary Mediators are similarly released throughout the body tissues, incl. under the skin resulting in SKIN SWELLING & RASHES
Mast Cells produce Histamine; blood vessel dilation occurs; capacity of the circulatory system (5 Liter) is dramatically increased; blood is unable to return back to the heart at full capacity, so Cardiac Output is reduced; Blood Pressure drops drastically; leading to decreased perfusion of body tissue or in other words; CIRCULATORY SHOCK.

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