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INDIA-PAKISTAN WAR OF 1965

1947-1948 – Kashmir is divided into zones of occupation by the Indian and Pakistani Armies following the Indian-Pakistani War of 1947-1948; in the years following the war, Pakistan is determined to expel the Indians and annex the whole of Kashmir

1965 - The Pakistani military high command believes that its forces are ready to wrest the whole territory of Kashmir

April-July 1965 – In a series of clashes, Pakistani forces seize some Indian border areas in the un-demarcated Rann of Kutch region; thereafter, Pakistan is emboldened to hasten its plan on its prized objective – Kashmir.

Summer of 1965 - Pakistan makes preparations for an infiltration operation into Indian-held Kashmir to carry out sabotage and subversive actions aimed at inciting a general uprising against the Indian regional government

August 1965 - Pakistan launches its infiltration plan – codenamed Operation Gibraltar – which fails to incite a general uprising; Kashmiri civilians inform the Indian Army, which foils the infiltration plan; Indian forces then attack Pakistani-held Kashmir

September 1st, 1965 - The Pakistani military launches Operation Grand Slam into Jammu, with armored and infantry units targeting first Akhnoor and then Jammu; after making some progress, the offensive stalls

September 6th, 1965 - Indian forces from Punjab in India cross the border into Punjab in Pakistan, advancing along three axes toward Lahore; Indian forces capture Burki on September 11th, 1965, and then Dograi on September 22nd, bringing Lahore to within range of artillery fire; Indian forces make no further advances

September 8th, 1965 - Pakistani forces, spearheaded by their elite 1st Armored Division, counter-attack, advancing from Kasur and crossing the border into Khem Karan with Amritsar as its final objective; however, the offensive is stopped at Asal Uttar

September 7th, 1965 - Indian forces, spearheaded by their elite 1st Armored Division, cross into the Sialkot area of Pakistani Punjab; by September 12th, Indian tanks advanced to Phillora but in a series of engagements in Chawinda on September 14-19, 1965, Pakistani forces repulse repeated Indian attacks, inflicting heavy losses to India’s 1st Armored Division

September 1965 - Some limited fighting also occurs in the Rajasthan-Sindh border areas

September 20th, 1965 - UNSC Resolution 211 calling for a ceasefire is passed, which both sides accept, and despite both sides lodging hundreds of ceasefire violations against the other, no major clashes occur and the war effectively comes to an end

January 10, 1966 - Under mediation by the Soviet Union, India and Pakistan sign the Tashkent Declaration; both sides withdraw their forces to pre-war positions along the 1949 Ceasefire Line – thus, neither side achieves any territorial gains in the war

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