There are a wide range of laboratories across the world. Some use a broad definition such as calling a kitchen a laboratory. Others very specifically define the use.
Even under the umbrella of what is generally accepted as a laboratory there are different categories. Biological, chemical, physicals, geology, etc.
While Hollywood depicts a lab as a stiff, pristine, research space this is not always the case. The majority of discoveries today are achieve din a fairly mundane laboratory with the help of hard work. Almost nothing is achieved in the extremely restrictive laboratories that Hollywood shows as the font of cures.
When we talk about biology laboratories there are 4 kinds or at least 4 designations. These are known as bio safety, bio security or physical containment levels. Each has gradually more strict requirements.
The most fundamental or Bio Safety level 1 is what you will find in every teaching laboratory in a high school, college and university. This is a closed room with basic safety facilities.
This involves basic practices like not eating in the lab. You are unable to work with anything exotic, unusual or interesting. Because of these very simple standards the lab is safe for everyone and you can achieve very little in terms of ground braking research.
There are another 3 levels of Bio Security. These continue the numbering scheme.
Bio Safety level 4 is the highest level and where you will find research into ebola, Spanish flu and other highly infectious diseases. They have the most strenuous containment requirements. They use extremely effective and powerful sanitation systems, air purification and protection for researchers.
Unlike the ease of use seen in a Bio Security level 1 lab you do not have an easy time. They are hot and stuffy because you are inside a blow suit. The materials are very dangerous and so must be handled with care. Access is a process which takes a lot of time and effort.
There is a range of levels because of this. Most research does not require the most restrictive facilities. Many researchers can make do with a PC2 laboratory. A laboratory which does not involve a hot, sweaty jumpsuit and dangerous pathogens.
Screenshots taken from:
Evolution, 2001, Dreamworks Pictures
World War Z, 2013, Paramount Pictures
Relevant link:
Wikipedia: Autoclave
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WHO Laboratory biosafety manual
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