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Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Definition, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Maple Syrup Urine disease is an autosomal recessive inheritance that causes a characteristic maple syrup urine smell. Other manifestations include psychomotor delay and poor feeding, diarrhea, vomiting in infants. This condition is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme important in branch chain amino acid metabolism. This leads to increases in branch chain amino acid levels such as Valine, Isoleucine and Leucine and dysregulation of neurotransmitter synthesis in the human CNS.
There are several subtypes of maple syrup urine disease including classic, intermittent, and intermediate.
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Sepsis: Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Peculiarities, Clinico-morphological types, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Sepsis is an acyclic poly-etiologic infectious disease caused by multiple bacteria.
Manifestations include fever, chills, muscle fatigue, low BP and elevated HR, low urine production.
There are several clinico-morphological types of sepsis including septicaemia, septicopyaemia, septic bacterial endocarditis, chronic septicaemia.
Analeptics: Definition, Groups, Mechanism of Action, Indications, Side effects, Contraindications
Analeptics are the drugs which stimulate mainly the respiratory and vasomotor centers in medullar part of CNS.
It consists of 3 main groups according to their different mechanism of action which are direct-acting, indirect-acting and mixed-acting group.
Lobeline is used in CO poisonings.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) (EKG) is a simple test that can be used to check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity.
It consists of P wave, QRS complex, T wave, PQ segment and ST segment.
P wave represents Atrial Depolarization.
PQ segment represents the time signals travel from SA node and pass over AV node.
QRS complex represents Ventricular Depolarization and T wave represents Ventricular Repolarization.
In normal EKG, we will see all 12 leads, lead I II III aVR aVL aVF V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
The electrical activity is always away from aVR so R wave is always downward in aVR.
It is always toward V6 V5 II III aVF is so they have positive deflection of R wave.
Conducting system of the heart
The heart generates its own electrical impulses and has its own specially devised pathway that helps spread an action potential through the cardiac muscle. This article will explain the conducting system of the heart and touch upon the possible pathological ailments that directly relate to it.
Anatomy
The cardiac conducting system is composed of five main elements which are mentioned here in the order of which an action potential reaches them.
Sinoatrial node
The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart and is situated superior to the sulcus terminalis of the right atrium, next to the opening of the superior vena cava. This special myocardial tissue that is difficult to distinguish histologically from surrounding cardiac muscle, propagates the electrical impulses and therefore governs the sinus rhythm from minute to minute. If this node should fail, the atrioventricular node has the capacity to undertake the role of pacemaker.
Atrioventricular node
The atrioventricular node is also located in the right atrium at a level that places it posteroinferior to the interatrial septum and next to the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. It picks up and continues the action potentials produced by the sinoatrial node and in some cases will even propagate a few of its own. Its innovative area covers the atria of the heart, just as the sinoatrial node does.
Bundle of His
The bundle of His is a specialized bundle of cardiac muscle fibers, that is seated within the interatrial septum. These fibers run along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where they branch further as conducting (Purkinje) fibers that extend into the myocardium of the ventricles.
The right side has a single bundle that reaches the apex of the right ventricle before curving around it and travelling back along the right side of the heart.
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Sepsis MADE EASY
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Analeptics - Lobeline MADE EASY
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Conducting system of the heart MADE EASY
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EKG MADE EASY
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