Flaking or spalling of concrete surfaces is caused by a deficiency of the concrete which is almost always related to some kind of water problem.

When concrete is first poured it needs to be placed and troweled. This placement process can raise water to the surface of the new concrete. If the concrete is overworked during this process, too much water will raise to the surface and will compromise the finished strength.

Concrete exposed to freeze and thaw conditions could start to flake or spall because the melting snow or ice will absorb into concrete. If temperatures drop and that water freeze in the concrete, it has nowhere to expand so it breaks the surface layers causing flaking, spalling and pitting. Air-entrained concrete can help avoid damage from freeze and thaw conditions because it has tiny air pockets in it which gives the freezing water somewhere to expand without breaking the concrete.

Also in cold climates with freeze and thaw conditions, it is common to use deicing salts on concrete sidewalks and driveways. It works to melt away the ice but it leaves high concentrations of salt on the concrete. After the water from melting snow and ice dries, the salt absorbs into the concrete and remains inside the concrete. As salt dries it crystallizes and expands, much like water does when it turns to ice. This expanding salt again has nowhere to expand inside the concrete causing the concrete to break and flake away.

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