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Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud in the early 20th century. Freud believed that people could be cured by revealing and making conscious their unconscious thoughts to give them insight into why they think as they do.
Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences.
By bringing the repressed emotions and experiences to consciousness and having a cathartic (i.e. a healing) experience can the person be helped.
The Rorschach Ink Blot Test
What do you see in this ink blot?
Perhaps you see an animal, a vehicle, a map or something else...
It's ambiguous, unclear. But what people interpret in these ink spots is important for psychoanalysts. Different people will "see" different things depending on the unconscious connections they make in their brain.
This experiment is called the Rorschach Ink Blot Test, it was invented by the Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. Using the Rorschach Ink Blot Test, Psychoanalysts record how their patients interpret the ink blots and analyse them in order to examine their personalities and emotions.
Surrealism
Surrealism is an Art Movement that began in the early 20th Century lead by André Breton and influenced by psychoanalysis. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision creating strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed for the unconscious, dream-like expression of ideas. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise and unexpected juxtapositions.
Max Ernst was a German artist, he was a pioneer of the Surrealist Movement.
This painting 'Europe After the Rain II' was based on the technique of "decalcomania" where thin paint is spread on a sheet of glass and the canvas is then pressed against it.
Ernst invented this technique and paints into it portraying a ravaged landscape reminiscent of both twisted wreckage and rotting organic rocks. Is this an apocalypse, or uncontrolled, cancerous growth? Who knows?
There is no definitive interpretation of this painting, but given his personal history, quitting the Gestapo, self-imposed exile and disgust at the effects of war, viewers often see it as melancholic. What do you think?
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