Our gut microbiomes have a direct impact on the immune system, the details of which are still being heavily studied. Healthy gut microbiota are critical for the development and maturation of the immune system, and different bacterial components modulate different aspects of the immune system. For example, a complete lack of gut microbiota is known to result in severe deficiencies of most CD4+ T cells but an increase of Th2 cells. Some bacterial components are known to balance Th1, Th2, and Th3 cell populations through regulation of dendritic cell activation (increasing or decreasing dendritic cell activation, depending on the circumstance). Some bacterial components stimulate the production of Th17 cells, some modulate the activation of natural killer cells, some influence the interaction between antigen receptors on the immune cell surfaces and the antigens themselves. These friendly bacteria not only keep the immune system in check during times of health, but also help contribute to the immune defense against invading pathogens; for example, by stimulating the production of antibodies against foreign microorganisms.

The microorganisms in our gut help to maintain the delicate balance required by our immune system, keeping the various populations of immune cells in check and modulating their activity. Achieving a healthy balance in the immune system is therefore reliant on having a healthy population of gut microflora, growing in the correct numbers in the correct locations and with appropriate diversity.

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