Tianjin's position at the intersection of the Grand Canal and the Hai River connecting Beijing to the Bohai Bay made it one of the premier ports of northern China. Foreign trade was approved there for the British and French by the 1860 Peking Convention. Between 1895 and 1900, the two original powers were joined by Japan, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Belgium. The concessions in Tianjin were concession territories ceded by the Qing dynasty to a number of European countries, the U.S. and Japan within the city of Tianjin.

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