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What is Sperm Morphology?

Sperm morphology refers to the shape and the size of sperm as observed under a microscope. It has three parts head, midpiece & tail.

Head Piece: The head shape is considered to be the most important part because it affects the sperm’s ability to enter the outer surface of an egg and to fertilise it.

How is a sperm morphology test performed?

A sperm morphology can be seen in routine semen analysis test.
For the test, we need a fresh semen sample from a patient. From that sample a drop of semen in taken in a clean glass slide, it is then dried, stained and observed under a microscope to determine the percentage of normal sperm. When the sperm morphology ranges from 4 to 14% it is considered normal, means the fertility rate is considered good. A sperm morphology less than 4% means that it will take a longer time for a man to impregnate a female.

The shape and size of sperm give us an insight into sperm development or spermatogenesis has happened in the testicles. Men with a defect in sperm maturation tend to have problems with sperm morphology and that may, in turn, affect male fertility.


Difference between Normal and Abnormal Sperm Morphology

Normal sperm morphology – A sperm to be considered as a normal form, it should have an oval head, with normal connecting midpiece and with long straight tail, and it should be free from any defect.

• The head should be smooth
• The acrosome tip should take 40 to 70% of the head of the sperm
• The head should not contain large fluid-filled vacuoles
• The midpiece or midsection (the area between the head and the tail) should be thinner than the head.
• The tail should be thinner than the head and midpiece

Sperm morphology normal range should be more than equal to 4% to be considered as normal

Abnormal sperm morphology - Also called Teratozoospermia or teratospermia is a semen alteration in which a large percentage of sperms have an abnormal shape.

• They may have a large deformed head
• The midsection may be defective
• The tail may be crooked or double tailed
• And at times large vacuoles may be present in the head

Normal sperm morphology is up to 4%. Less than 4% is considered abnormal which means impairment or inability to fertilise.

What is the impact of abnormal sperm morphology or teratozoospermia on male infertility?

In order, for a man to be fertile only 4% of normal sperm is needed. Just having abnormal sperm won’t reduce fertility completely, there are other factors like sperm numbers, sperm concentration, semen volume, the percentage of sperm motility. An abnormally shaped sperm doesn’t mean that the genetic material in all cases will be damaged, in the majority of the cases it is healthy but it has reduced fertilization rate. It means that he may need a longer time to make the female pregnant.
If natural conception doesn’t occur, he will have the option of assisted reproductive technology.
#spermmorphology #male_infertility #teratozoospermia

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