As part of Devah Pager’s doctoral dissertation research, Pager conducted an experiment in which she enlisted young men to pose as job applicants with similar characteristics.
She found that a black applicant received a callback or job offer half as often as an equally qualified white applicant.
A black applicant with a clean record got a callback or job offer about as often as a white applicant with a felony conviction.
She later replicated the experiment in 2009 with Bruce Western and Naomi Sugle and found that black applicants without criminal records received fewer callbacks than white applicants with criminal records.
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