#ecg #ekg #cardiology #limbleads #bipolar #unipolarlimbleads #electrocardiography

ECG | EKG | Unipolar Limb Leads | Electrocardiography | Cardiology

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▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ Contents of this video ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬

00:00:00 Introduction and difference between unipolar & bipolar leads
00:10:45 Bipolar leads (Einthoven's triangle)
00:30:28 Wilson leads, Wilsons central terminal
00:45:36 Recap difference between unipolar and bipolar
00:52:00 Goldberger augmented leads
01:02:58 Recap
01:11:00 What area the Patterns drawn on ECG?
01:33:00 Triaxial diagram for bipolar and augmented unipolar limb leads
01:37:40 Hexaxial diagram
01:44:11 Review
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As the heart undergoes depolarization and repolarization, electrical currents spread throughout the body because the body acts as a volume conductor. The electrical currents generated by the heart are commonly measured by an array of electrodes placed on the body surface and the resulting tracing is called an electrocardiogram (ECG, or EKG). By convention, electrodes are placed on each arm and leg (standard and augmented limb leads), and six electrodes are placed at defined locations on the chest (precordial leads). These electrode leads are connected to a device that measures potential differences between selected electrodes to produce the characteristic ECG tracings.

Some of the ECG leads are bipolar leads (e.g., standard limb leads) that use a single positive and a single negative electrode between which electrical potentials are measured. Unipolar leads (augmented leads and chest leads) have a single positive recording electrode and use a combination of the other electrodes to serve as a composite negative electrode. Normally, when an ECG is recorded, all leads are recorded simultaneously, giving rise to what is called a 12-lead ECG.

Besides the three bipolar limb leads, there are three augmented unipolar limb leads. These are termed unipolar leads because there is a single positive electrode that is referenced against a combination of the other limb electrodes. The positive electrodes for these augmented leads are on the left arm (aVL), the right arm (aVR), and the left leg (aVF). These are the same electrode locations are used for leads I, II and III. (The ECG recorder does the actual switching and rearranging of the electrode designations). The three augmented leads are depicted as shown by the axial reference system. Lead aVL is at -30° relative to the lead I axis; aVR is at -150° and aVF is at +90°. It is very important to learn which lead is associated with each axis.
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