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Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to the presence of ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the stomach and proximal duodenum. These ulcers result from an imbalance between aggressive factors (such as gastric acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori infection) and defensive factors (mucosal barrier and blood flow). The most common cause of PUD is Helicobacter pylori infection, followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and stress-related mucosal damage. Patients typically present with epigastric pain that is often described as burning or gnawing in nature, which may be relieved by food or antacids. Complications include bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction. Diagnosis is made through upper endoscopy, which allows for direct visualization and biopsy of the ulcer. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori infection, proton pump inhibitors to reduce gastric acid secretion, and avoidance of NSAIDs. Surgical intervention may be necessary in cases of complications or refractory disease. Education on lifestyle modifications and compliance with medications is crucial for long-term management and prevention of recurrence. 🩺🔬💊

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